Lesson 1: Economic Growth and Scarcity

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 EFL Lesson 1 Slides

Introduction

In this lesson students are introduced to the concept of economic growth through the story of human progress and changing standards of living over time.  Video clips, historical examples and a mini-activity engage students in the discovery of the institutions that foster economic growth.

Mini Activity

• “Incentives Matter – Rice Pick-up”

Objectives

At the end of this lesson students will be able to:

• Explain the relationship between scarcity and choice.
• Define Economic Growth
• Identify institutions that foster economic growth.

Economic Concepts

Scarcity	Incentives	Technological change
Standard of living	Economic growth	Productivity

National Content Standards Addressed

Standard 1: Scarcity

Productive resources are limited. Therefore people cannot have all the goods and services they want. As a result, they must choose some things and give up others.

• Like individuals, governments and societies experience scarcity because human wants exceed what can be made from all available resources.
• Choices involve trading off the expected value of one opportunity against the expected value of its best alternative.
• The choices people make have both present and future consequences.
• The evaluation of choices and opportunity costs is subjective; such evaluations differ across individuals and societies.
  

Standard 4: Incentives

People respond predictably to positive and negative incentives.

• Rewards are positive incentives that make people better off.
• Penalties are negative incentives that make people worse off.

Standard 15: Growth

Investment in factories, machinery, new technology, and in the health, education, and training of people can raise future standards of living.

• Economic growth is a sustained rise in a nation’s production of goods and services. It results from investments in human and physical capital, research and development, technological change, and improved institutional arrangements and incentives.
• Historically, economic growth has been the primary vehicle for alleviating poverty and raising standards of living around the world.
• Differences in economic growth are explained by differences in institutional arrangements, incentives to invest and the openness of markets to trade.

Key Ideas

Download full lesson guide for procedures and teaching tips.

1. Scarcity – the condition we face with limited resources to satisfy unlimited wants, which compels us to choose among alternatives.
2. Economic growth raises standards of living, even in the continuing face of scarcity.
3. The history of world economic growth raises important questions about the ability of nations to deal with the ever-present problem of scarcity:
   • Why are some countries rich and others poor? The cross-sectional evidence shows a fairly wide disparity in per capita income between countries.
   • Why have some countries experienced economic growth and others have not? That is, looking back over a country’s history, what factors have led to economic growth?
   • Why are some countries growing rapidly today and others are not, even though they may have experienced significant growth in the past?
   • What can be done to promote economic growth and reduce poverty?
4. Economic growth is a sustained increase in a nation’s production of goods and services.
   • Increases in productivity, as the result of investments in human and physical capital, raise incomes and standards of living.
   • Innovation, technological advances, and education are the major sources of increases in productivity.

Figure 1 – population and innovation graph (Fogel)

1. Institutions matter for economic growth. Nations that experience economic growth have established institutions that provide incentives for innovation and technological advance. Nations with stagnant economies where poverty persists lack the institutional incentives that encourage growth and increases in productivity.
   • Institutional arrangements define the formal and informal rules of the game that govern how people interact. These arrangements shape incentives and outline expected and acceptable forms of behavior in social interaction.
   • The institutions that foster growth and economic development include:
     • Open Markets – “Trade creates wealth.”
     • Property Rights – “Rights of ownership facilitate exchange.”
     • Rule of Law – “Consistent legal arrangements applied uniformly encourage long-term investment.”
     • Entrepreneurship and Innovation – “Increasing the gains from creative endeavors adds to economic activity.”
2. Economic growth creates benefits throughout the economy.
   • Economic growth expands a nation’s productive capacity.
   • Historically, all segments of the economy have benefited from economic growth; hence the rise of the middle class.

Ideas To Take Away From This Lesson

• Scarcity forces us to choose among alternatives.
• Economic growth gives us more to choose from, and raises standards of living.
• Certain institutions and institutional arrangements encourage economic growth and this growth improves the human condition, by reducing infant mortality, lengthening lives, reducing hunger, improving environmental quality, cutting the incidence of debilitating diseases, etc.